2026-07-132026-07-132026-01-30https://repositorio.ifal.edu.br/handle/123456789/3116The establishment of Protected Areas represents one of the main strategies of Brazilian environmental policy for biodiversity and natural resource conservation. However, the implementation of these areas has frequently generated conflicts arising from the overlap between conservation objectives and the diverse interests of populations that historically use these territories. Such conflicts are not restricted to environmental dimensions but also encompass economic, social, and, above all, political issues, emerging throughout the processes of creation, implementation, management, and governance of protected areas—a topic whose theoretical debate remains ongoing. In the São Francisco River Natural Monument, a strictly protected area created to conserve the scenic beauty of the São Francisco River canyons, safeguard significant archaeological sites, preserve a representative portion of the Caatinga biome, and promote sustainable tourism and local socioeconomic development, these conflicts stem from anthropogenic pressures associated with the multiple uses of the Xingó Hydroelectric Reservoir, particularly competition for resources and environmental impacts affecting water quality. In this context, this case study aimed to analyze socioenvironmental conflicts resulting from interactions among artisanal fishing, cage-based fish farming, and river tourism within the São Francisco River Natural Monument, with the purpose of providing inputs for the formulation of more effective management policies. The research adopted a qualitative and quantitative approach, with an exploratory and descriptive design, based on literature review, documentary analysis, and field research, including semistructured interviews with artisanal fishers, fish farmers, and tourist boat operators. Data analysis was grounded in the principles of Political Ecology, structured through the historicaldialectical materialist method. The results indicate that conflicts are mainly driven by competition over water resource use, disputes over access areas to the reservoir, environmental impacts on water quality, and the fragility of regulatory, monitoring, and institutional mediation instruments. Artisanal fishers were identified as the most vulnerable group, being affected from the construction of river dams to the cumulative impacts of fish farming and tourism activities. It is concluded that the lack of integrated regulation and limited social participation in management processes intensify these conflicts and compromise the conservation objectives of the protected area. As an applied contribution, the study provides technical inputs for the development of guidelines aimed at regulating multiple water uses and strengthening participatory, integrated, and sustainable management.ptDisputas ambientaisComunidades locaisEducação ambientalUnidades de conservaçãoUso dos recursos naturaisLocal communitiesEnvironmental disputesEnvironmental educationProtected AreasNatural resource useDissertaçãoOUTROS